22/11/2007
Venus or Mars? A chosen for the third millennium
The 11 september of 2001 has inaugurated new one was in the history of the world. The attack to the World Trade Center has not only put crisis in the relationship between the United States and the muslim world, but climate of suspicion between the two sides of the Atlantic has established one crawling.
The American military retaliation has had, it was expectable, the consequence to make to feel the Muslim Umma under check, or at least humiliated, because thought incapable to unravel itself independently of despotic regimes. In spite of the media campaign that has preceded the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, nobody, it does not know of the buttons of Washington, thought that the western troops would realistically have been received between launch of flowers and blasts of fanfare. On the big emotional wave of the disintegration of the regimen of the Taliban, Europe has unexpectedly begun to distance repentance, not following the traditional one allied in its adventurism in international field. It is put before the time for argument in Brussels to the vision of an accommodating towards Europe whichever undertaken militaristic ambitions from the States, in name of one gratefulness that laughed them to the liberation of 1945.
"Old Europe", exception made for some governments which that between Italian, has left the marines that if the sbrigassero ones alone in the Iraqi marsh, putting in evidence marked differences of political strategy regarding the "America young person." On the threshold of the third millennium the interests of our continent begin to diverge regarding expressing those from the groups of being able to set up the White House woman. It is in action a true and own "cultural Cold War" that takes shape from various political, historical and social, "fought" to sound traditions of declarations to the vitriol and screzi in center the UN More than a crash than civilization between the West East and Muslim, as ominous predicted the sociologist Samuel P. Huntington (in the photo), if it he outlines of one more very realistic and worrisome between United States and European Union.
In the think tank that feeds this friction they begin to being in vogue a question: Venus or Mars? The metaphor, intentionally forced, resumption from the test "Paradise and power" of Robert Kagan, columnist of the Washington Post and influential member of the Project for New American Century to, one opens rubble on the divergent cultural perspectives and the cleavages able to crack the special relationship of a time. In its petition, the essayist American rincara the dose asserting the paradox which the European states only thanks to the defensive umbrella can be enjoyed their "postmodern paradise" the United States. And they do not have the good taste of ringraziare.
From a part Europe, not having lived on its bloody skin lacerations, not last the fratricidal wars in the Balkans, which disposed power to the proposed dialogue is on the scene and planetary the reluctant to pursue own interests through the use of the force. From the other the USA, than in the last two centuries have loved to consider themselves and to introduce a nation like patient, pacific and slow to anger (reluctant to incollerirsi), begin to demonstrate hour if not the exact contrary. It is to Mars "stars and stripes", ready to move war to true or imaginary enemies and reluctant to listen to any council, what it has been delineated in the last three years. Multilateralism against unilateralism. Historical Heritage against juvenile unconsciousness. Political rationalism against neoconservatrice ideology. Can Brussels become one credible alternative to Washington?
Autore: Stefano Careddu
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The many facets of chavista thought
In detail, the Bolivarismo embodies various historical projects as "colombianity" or reconstruction of the ancient alliance between Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela, the Andean confederation, which includes Bolivia and Peru in close collaboration with the "Great Colombia" in a system connected, the American general congress within which find place all countries of Hispanic america and, finally, the doctrine on the political world, old aspiration Bolivarian which took partial implementation within international bodies such as the University Panamerican, the United Nations, the Organization of American States and others. Today the terms bolivarian and bolivarist are used interchangeably. The same general propose, in 1815, the creation of an international city that became home the idea of unity of the continent, free from the constraints of the nation and a symbol of unity and independence. What is not the place (and the same) of the United Nations.
And bolivarist is also Venezuelan President Chavez (in the picture), whose political program, although it appears multishapes, mutual much of his inspiration from the thought of Libertador. The political experience of decisive commander Chávez dates back to 1974, when it was part of a military delegation sent to Peru to celebrate the 150 anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho, the same place where the armies of Bolívar and Sucre had beat in 1824 forces colonial Spanish, finally freeing Peru. Reading that provides Chávez of this historical experience lends itself to the formulation of a draft political unification extranazionale and Continental. In Peru, Chavez also made aware of the value of political coup of General Juan Velasco Alvarado, who in 1968 s'impossessò power along with a group of progressive military decided to cancel the social injustices of previous governments oligarchici and implement radical reforms in the economy , social and institutional. The General subsequently edited a booklet titled The revolución nacional peruana which were contained in the principles that would inspire radical change in the political situation, economic and social Andean country.
Among the most important reforms introduced by the military government of Alvarado, there were agrarian reform and the introduction of Sinamos (Sistema Nacional de apoyo a la movilización social) comparable to the existing committees Bolivariani. In short, no party structures but a network of popular mobilization and support for government measures that are not a simple coordinating bodies for the mass implementation of reforms for indoctrination or propaganda. Could regarded as a popular involvement of the masses from below, but with a plan from previously. On the basis of this experience, in 1977 Chavez decides to form a clandestine group, the Ejército de liberación del Pueblo de Venezuela, but the intentions of action of this group were basically on paper. Five years later, gave birth to a new clandestine movement, better organized and the same internal forces, called Movimiento Bolívariano Revolucionario-200 (Mbr-200). A Saman of Guere, near Maracay, the young officers repeated the same formula by Simon Bolívar in Rome on August 15, 1805 on the hill of Montesacro: "I swear before you, swear on God of my fathers; swear on them; swear on my honor and Fatherland not give rest to my arm, nor requie the soul mine, until I broke the chains that oppress us by the will of the Spanish power.
Another element that characterizes the political thought of Chavez comes from a primitive form of Christianity that has strongly influenced some of its ideas of solidarity and social redemption. The theology of liberation, advocated by some of the basic Catholic clergy, located in Chávez thoughts of a reworking. William Izarria, former Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, during a recent conference in Rome, drew ideological references Commander: Simon Bolívar, Che Guevara, Jesus Christ, indicating three foundations of "socialism of the twenty-first century" common good, social production , direct participation. If one of these three elements not materialize, the whole project would fail. Moreover Chávez during his meetings often openly manifested his being a Christian and Catholic showing the cross holding around his neck. "One of the fundamental characteristics of a leader, especially a revolutionary leader is to follow the path of Christ." And yet he played in a Havana Journal: "The bolivarismo is that Christianity is socialism", without forget to remind the crowd that "it is easier for a camel to enter the eye of a needle, in a rich kingdom of God. " Of course, this particular type of Christianity does not reflect the orthodoxy of the Roman Catholic Church, so much so that many supporters of the theology of liberation have suffered the shame of excommunication. Already in one of his first apostolic journeys in Mexico, in January 1979, Pope John Paul II declared that "the concept of Christ as a political figure, a revolutionary ... is not compatible with the teachings of the Church".
The thought of Chavez ended his training in 1992 when, after being jailed as a result of the failure of organized military coup to remove President Carlos Andrés Pérez, has been able to clot around his other political group. During the period of detention, the military has maintained regular relations with members of the Movimiento al Socialism (Mas), with representatives of The Case Re with other left as the Frente patriótico Luis Miquilena, founder of the Partido Communist venezolano unit in 1946 and exponent one of the many current national socialism in contrast with the Communist parties linked to Moscow. In 1997 thus saw the Movimiento Quinta República or Mvr (symbol pictured above), in view of the political and administrative elections the following year. It is at this time that our thoughts and the figure of Bolivar out purposefully to light: bolivariano itself movement chavista and will be the Bolivarian revolution that is beginning to take the first steps after the elections of 1998. The same Chávez published a booklet whose title is La propuesta para transormar to Venezuela, which is for the first time detailed in the organic movement's political program. Chavez was elected with 56.20% of the votes, by radically changing the history of Venezuela.
Autore:Cristiano Tinazzi
Fonte: www.geopolitica.info
14:50 Scritto da: stefanocareddu in Latin America | Link permanente | Commenti (0) | Segnala | Tag: politics, geopolitics, venezuela, hugo chavez, simon bolívar | OKNOtizie | Facebook
31/10/2007
The global price of China's economic boom
Only in recent years, the western world has been given prominence to the problem, now rampant, of the economic boom being experienced by the countries of the Far East. But the roots of this phenomenon, party at the end of the seventies, are deeply rooted. The reasons that attract the interest of Europeans towards a poles compared to our point of view both geographically and in culture, often seem to be purely economic. The European markets (and more) are alarmed ranging from Chinese production that is invading the West, so as to give national governments opt for the adoption of increasingly stringent measures to limit the importation of goods coming, from that part of the world in increasing quantities, and prevent the dumping maneuver by several parties that has been condemned.
Economies "advanced" badly hit by marketing (even too illegal immigration) east of goods, which often represent the products of major European and American brands. Over the last fifteen years Beijing has carried out a race industrialization, technological progress, globalization and unprecedented to urbanization. And the pursuit of luxury and welfare leads, today more than ever, in a desire to emulate the lifestyles of the most advanced countries through the creation and sale, as in our close their markets to Western goods. Modern economies, the European Union and United States, see this phenomenon as one of the main causes of the crisis that is affecting. But in reality what is behind all this? What are the costs that China, even before Europe and the United States, should support? What are the consequences, rather than purely economic, that the whole world is facing? Today, over 25 million Chinese are risking their lives working in contact with toxic dust and poisonous materials. And I am even more those who bear rhythms working wearing away for the body and soul, fabricating footwear, toys and sporting goods for the European and American markets. At the exploitation of people adds that the territory. The waste from the factories cluttering the rivers, caused by natural disasters exacerbate the already precarious conditions of the poorest. To the pollution of water is added air, smog besieging the city.
China is one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases, even though it still commonly regarded as a "country in the developing world", and consequently not acceded to the Kyoto Protocol and is therefore exempt from the obligation to reduce emissions dioxide carbon. The cost in terms of lives and damage the ecosystem, that the planet could pay for if they had maintained the current emission standards in every corner of the globe is very high. As has been relaunched by peseta, a study published by the European Commission, aims to analyze the effects of climate change on our continent, in the period between 2071 and 2100 is forecast to increase average temperatures oscillating between 2.2 and 3 degrees than in 1961-1990. The Mediterranean region of the EU would be the most affected by these changes, having to deal with the increase of drought, reducing soil fertility, erosion of the coastline and the danger of fire, not to mention the devastating effects caused to human health. A new challenge and ever more pressing needs, therefore, be fought by both China and Europe and the United States: finding a balance between economic growth and protection of land, sea, air and fresh water by affecting the health and welfare of the whole world.
Gradually the Chinese government, which is supported by much more advanced Japan and the international organizations to protect the environment, has begun to become aware of the importance of a gradual development compatible with environmental balance. With the reversal of policies in this sector, following the overflow in 1998 the Yangtze River that caused more than 4,000 victims, are beginning to register the first signs of a different environmental awareness so far unknown. The population began to accept the idea that prosperity is inextricably linked to environmental protection and respect the rules. This has in fact encouraged the Communist Politburo, as demonstrated by the last meeting of the World Economic Forum held in Davos, to engage actively in the formulation of a strategy focused on geopolitics. It is not excluded that China points as soon as possible to overcome as determined by major Western powers in the Kyoto Protocol, promoting a new policy of sustainable development adopted directly by Beijing. The environmental balance is a land still to be sound in the complicated game of chess for the political and economic hegemony of the world in the third millennium.
Author: Eleonora Venturi
Font: www.geopolitica.info
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